CS173: Intro to Computer Science - MIDI Audio (100 Points)

Assignment Goals

The goals of this assignment are:
  1. To implement functions to facilitate code re-use
  2. To invoke functions that may accept parameters

The Assignment

If (and only if) you are using GitHub to submit, you can clone this assignment from GitHub Classroom at https://classroom.github.com/a/mfQDVf2s. Otherwise, you may skip this step!

The Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) standard enables your computer to play synthesizer music that you can control programmatically.

Adding the MIDI library to your project

To use this jar, after creating a Gradle Java project in NetBeans, add the following line inside the dependencies section of your build.gradle file. In NetBeans, this file can be found under the Build Scripts section under your project listing on the left side of your screen.

compile fileTree(dir: 'libs', include: '*.jar')

If you do not have a dependencies section, you can add one as follows below. If you do have a section already called dependencies (and you probably do), you can just add the line above inside its curly braces.

dependencies {
    compile fileTree(dir: 'libs', include: '*.jar')
}

Now, jar files added to the libs directory of your project will be available for use in your code. Download and copy the MIDILib.jar file into a subdirectory of your project called libs. See the Javadoc for more information about the library [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].

Instantiating a MIDIPlayer object

The MIDI library you imported includes a MIDIPlayer class that you can instantiate to help you play sounds through your computer. You can create one like you would any object variable, with the new keyword:

MIDIPlayer player = new MIDIPlayer();

Be sure to add the import for MIDIPlayer to your program (we’ll go ahead and add the imports for the other library classes that we’ll need later as well):

// These lines go above and outside of your public class line, right below the package line
// They give you access to our library functions in your code

import com.MIDI.MIDIPlayer;
import com.MIDI.Instruments;
import com.MIDI.Notes;

Open the Javadoc to find out about the method interface this library provides. There are a number of methods you can call inside the MIDIPlayer class. What are a few of them, and, in your own words, what do they do?

In addition, there are two classes Instruments and Notes which contain constants that represent some of the instruments, notes, and note durations that you can play. These include Notes.NOTE_C4 for a C4 note, Instruments.GUITAR for a guitar, and Notes.NOTE_QUARTER which specifies a quarter note duration. Click on the Instruments and Notes javadoc classes and make a note of some of the instruments and notes that are available to you. Because it’s a synthesizer, some of the “instruments” are actually creative sound effects - feel free to have fun with this!

Javadoc documentation is really helpful because it enables you to observe functionality made available by a library “at a glance.” You can see how methods are named, information about how they are invoked, and what parameters they require. These are generated programmatically through comments that you write throughout your code, and this is prescribed by the Style Guide.

Part 1: Playing a Note

Let’s test the interface and the computer sound setup by playing a note using a synthesized instrument. The MIDI interface works by defining a number of “channels” on which you can play notes, chords, and sounds. You can think of a channel as a particular instrument. In fact, you can assign an instrument to a channel. The default channel is “channel 0,” but you can have several more of them, referenced by number. In this assignment, we will stick with the default channel, but feel free to see me if you are interested in extending this to multiple channels and instruments.

To do this, you can first set an instrument on the default channel by calling the following method of the MIDIPlayer library:

player.setInstrument(Instruments.HARP);

Here, Instruments.HARP is the instrument that you want to use. This will assign the harp to the default channel 0. To play a note, you can call the following function:

player.playNote(Notes.NOTE_C4, Notes.NOTE_QUARTER, Notes.DEFAULT_INTENSITY);

This will play a C4 quarter note, using a default intensity value.

Try it and verify that you get sound output. Try changing this to play an A4 whole note at half intensity. The A4 note is a higher pitched note, and this is because A4 is a higher frequency vibration which your ear perceives as a higher pitch. In fact, A4 is defined here as 440 Hz, and, consequently, C4 (known as “middle C”) is ~262 Hz. Every note is defined by its own fundamental frequency. Incidentally, there is repitition here: if A3 is 220 Hz, what frequency do you think C3 is? How about A2? You can try listening to some notes and frequencies using this online tone generator.

Part 2: Playing a Song

Using the playNote function, try playing the first part of the “alphabet song,” (actually, it’s basically Twinkle Twinkle Little Star) which plays the following quarter notes: C4 C4 G4 G4 A4 A4 G4.

Now, try adding the second part: F4 F4 E4 E4 D4 D4 D4 D4 C4. Note that there are more notes in this part than the first: to align the time, the D4 notes should be eighth notes instead of quarter notes.

There should have been a brief pause between the first part (C4 C4 G4 G4 A4 A4 G4) and the second part (F4 F4 E4 E4 D4 D4 D4 D4 C4). The following function call will introduce a “rest” or pause (in this case, equivalent to an eighth note duration) in between the parts:

MIDIPlayer.rest(Notes.NOTE_EIGHTH);

Try inserting this in between the parts.

You might notice that we are calling MIDIPlayer.rest() while we call player.playNote() elsewhere. Both come from the same code library, so what’s the difference? Take a look at the Javadoc and notice that the rest() method is a static function. This means that the rest() method is not specific to a particular MIDIPlayer, and so it belongs to the class rather than to the object. A “rest” does not actually play a sound, so you are not using the variables and methods of the MIDIPlayer object variable to accomplish this. It’s generic to any MIDIPlayer, so it’s not necessary to call the function on any particular variable. Notice that the constants in Instruments and Notes are also static - they aren’t unique to any one MIDIPlayer - every student is using the same ones regardless of the computer they’re using or the program they’re writing. As a rule of thumb: if you don’t need to call new to get a variable first in order to use a method or variable from that class, it could probably be declared static.

Finish the alphabet song. Here are the notes, which are quarter notes unless otherwise specified (I suggest adding an eighth note duration rest in between each part):

C4 C4 G4 G4 A4 A4 G4(1/2 note)
F4 F4 E4 E4 D4(1/8th note) D4(1/8th note) D4(1/8th note) D4(1/8th note) C4(1/2 note)
G4 G4 F4 (rest 1/16th note) E4 E4 D4(1/2 note)
G4(1/8th note) G4(1/8th note) G4(1/8th note) F4 (rest 1/16th note) E4 E4 D4(1/2 note)
C4 C4 G4 G4 A4 A4 G4(1/2 note)
F4 F4 E4 E4 D4 D4 C4(1/2 note)

For fun, try changing the instrument to a guitar before playing the song:

player.setInstrument(Instruments.GUITAR);

Compare the result to Twinkle Twinkle Little Star (there is a MIDI rendition on the Wikipedia page that you can play!). There are a few small differences to make the alphabet fit into the song - can you spot them? What would you change in your program to match Twinkle Twinkle Little Star?

Part 3: Using Functions to Enable Code Re-Use and Repitition

Did you notice that part of the song repeats? The first part is exactly the same as the fifth part! You can avoid having to do this extra work of copying and pasting your code using functions. In addition to saving you some typing, functions a standard good practice in case it becomes necessary to change that part of the song in a way that affects every use of the part. With a function, you can change the song once, and have it play correctly both times that you use it.

Define a function playMainPart() that contains the code to play the C4 C4 G4 G4 A4 A4 G4 part, and modify your program so that you call this function each of the two times you want to play that part in the song.

This function should accept one parameter of type MIDIPlayer, and when you call it from main, pass the player variable to it. This way, your function will have access to the player variable!

Part 4: Make Up Your Own Song

Every answer is correct - be creative and play some notes. Explore the Notes class and the Instruments class for a few examples that you can play. Let me know if you come up with something fun that you’d be willing to share - we can take a few minutes in class sometime for a few “code demonstrations.”

The Notes and Instruments classes provide a number of sample notes and instruments that you can play, but you may need one that is not provided there. These notes and instruments (for example, NOTE_C4 and GUITAR) are just variable names that correspond to int variables, so you can provide your own numeric values here if you’d like to specify other notes or instruments! For example:

player.setInstrument(25); // steel acoustic guitar
player.playNote(101, Notes.NOTE_QUARTER, Notes.DEFAULT_INTENSITY); // F7 note

You will find a complete list of notes (the numeric value is the first column, and the note is the fourth column), and instruments (see the instrumentNames variable halfway through the code listing), in case you would like to customize. Note, however, that this is completely optional: it is perfectly OK to use only the notes and instruments I’ve provided in the library. I provide these references only for your entertainment in case you would like to get creative here!

Part 5: Just for Fun…

When we explore arrays and loops, we will see how we can represent a song like this using a single variable (an “array”) that represents the entire collection of notes, and this can be played using a single call to the function to play all the notes. “Loops” can iterate over these collections, one by one, and automatically play each note, so that you don’t have to copy your code like you did here.

If you’d like to try out chords using arrays, try running the following code in your program:

player.setInstrument(Instruments.GUITAR);
       
int chordNotes[] = {Notes.NOTE_C4, Notes.NOTE_E4, Notes.NOTE_G4};
player.playChord(chordNotes, Notes.NOTE_WHOLE, Notes.DEFAULT_INTENSITY);

You may not be familiar with the notation yet, but we are asking the synthesizer to play three notes instead of just one. This is called a chord (in this case, the chord is comprised of the C4, E4, and G4 notes). chordNotes is called an array: it is a variable that contains a collection of multiple values, rather than just a single value.

If you are familiar with older versions of Microsoft Windows, you might be familiar with these sounds (OK, this rendition is far from faithful, but I am admittedly not musically inclined! You may need to use your imagination here…):

player.setInstrument(Instruments.BRIGHT_PIANO);
        
player.playNote(Notes.NOTE_D4, Notes.NOTE_QUARTER, Notes.DEFAULT_INTENSITY);
player.playNote(Notes.NOTE_D3, Notes.NOTE_SIXTEENTH, Notes.DEFAULT_INTENSITY);
player.playNote(Notes.NOTE_A3, Notes.NOTE_SIXTEENTH, Notes.DEFAULT_INTENSITY);
player.playNote(Notes.NOTE_G3, Notes.NOTE_EIGHTH, Notes.DEFAULT_INTENSITY);
player.playNote(Notes.NOTE_D3, Notes.NOTE_EIGHTH, Notes.DEFAULT_INTENSITY);
player.playNote(Notes.NOTE_D4, Notes.NOTE_EIGHTH, Notes.DEFAULT_INTENSITY);
int[] notes = {Notes.NOTE_A4, Notes.NOTE_A3};
player.playChord(notes, Notes.NOTE_HALF, Notes.DEFAULT_INTENSITY);
        
MIDIPlayer.rest(Notes.NOTE_WHOLE);
        
player.playNote(Notes.NOTE_G4, Notes.NOTE_EIGHTH, Notes.DEFAULT_INTENSITY);
player.playNote(Notes.NOTE_D4, Notes.NOTE_EIGHTH, Notes.DEFAULT_INTENSITY);
player.playNote(Notes.NOTE_G3, Notes.NOTE_EIGHTH, Notes.DEFAULT_INTENSITY);
player.playNote(Notes.NOTE_A3, Notes.NOTE_HALF, Notes.DEFAULT_INTENSITY);
        
MIDIPlayer.rest(Notes.NOTE_WHOLE);

Take a look at the playChord function call. What is different about it from the calls to playNote? We know that it is playing multiple notes together (in this case, A4 and A3). How do we know this?

  1. http://math.hws.edu/eck/cs124/f17/lab8/lab8-files/midi/SimpleSynth.java ↩

  2. https://www.inspiredacoustics.com/en/MIDI_note_numbers_and_center_frequencies ↩

  3. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/java-midi/ ↩

  4. http://www.cs.albany.edu/~sdc/CSI201/Spr12/201Stuff/bookClassesJavaFiles/MidiPlayer.java ↩

  5. https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2064066/does-java-have-built-in-libraries-for-audio-synthesis/2065693#2065693 ↩

  6. https://stackoverflow.com/questions/22467633/java-midi-player-program ↩

Submission

If you wrote code as part of this assignment, please include a README in which you describe your design, approach, and implementation. Additionally, please answer any questions from the assignment, and include answers to the following questions:
  • If collaboration with a buddy was permitted, did you work with a buddy on this assignment? If so, who?
  • Approximately how many hours it took you to finish this assignment (I will not judge you for this at all...I am simply using it to gauge if the assignments are too easy or hard)?
  • Your overall impression of the assignment. Did you love it, hate it, or were you neutral? One word answers are fine, but if you have any suggestions for the future let me know.
  • Any other concerns that you have. For instance, if you have a bug that you were unable to solve but you made progress, write that here. The more you articulate the problem the more partial credit you will receive (it is fine to leave this blank).

Assignment Rubric

Description Pre-Emerging (< 50%) Beginning (50%) Progressing (85%) Proficient (100%)
Algorithm Implementation (60%) The algorithm fails on the test inputs due to major issues, or the program fails to compile and/or run The algorithm fails on the test inputs due to one or more minor issues The algorithm is implemented to solve the problem correctly according to given test inputs, but would fail if executed in a general case due to a minor issue or omission in the algorithm design or implementation A reasonable algorithm is implemented to solve the problem which correctly solves the problem according to the given test inputs, and would be reasonably expected to solve the problem in the general case
Code Quality and Documentation (30%) Code commenting and structure are absent, or code structure departs significantly from best practice, and/or the code departs significantly from the style guide Code commenting and structure is limited in ways that reduce the readability of the program, and/or there are minor departures from the style guide Code documentation is present that re-states the explicit code definitions, and/or code is written that mostly adheres to the style guide Code is documented at non-trivial points in a manner that enhances the readability of the program, and code is written according to the style guide
Writeup and Submission (10%) An incomplete submission is provided The program is submitted, but not according to the directions in one or more ways (for example, because it is lacking a readme writeup) The program is submitted according to the directions with a minor omission or correction needed, and with at least superficial responses to the bolded questions throughout The program is submitted according to the directions, including a readme writeup describing the solution, and thoughtful answers to the bolded questions throughout